Primary Sources on Copyright — Home
Overview
This is a digital archive of primary sources on copyright from the invention of the printing
press (c. 1450) to the Berne Convention (1886) and beyond. The UK
Arts and Humanities Research
Council (AHRC) funded the initial phase (completed in 2008) focusing on key materials from
Renaissance Italy (Venice, Rome), France, the German speaking countries, Britain and the United
States.
We continue to add new materials. Primary sources from Spain were published in 2012; the Netherlands followed in 2015. Jewish Law sources, edited by Neil Netanel, were published in 2016. In 2018, Elena Cooper joined Ronan Deazley as co-editor of the British sources, adding further documents illustrating distinct aspects of the history of copyright concerning the visual arts in the nineteenth century (in the main, 1869-1900). In 2019, Portuguese and Brazilian sources were added by Patrícia Akester and Victor Drummond. In 2021, Jane Ginsburg edited a selection of Vatican documents.
For each of the geographical zones/jurisdictions, national editors take responsibility for selecting, sourcing, transcribing, translating and commenting documents. These include privileges, statutes, judicial decisions, contracts and materials relating to legislative history, but also contemporary letters, essays, treatises and artefacts.
The national editors’ initial brief was to limit the selection to 50 core documents for Britain, Germany, France, and to 20 core documents for Italy and the US (these covering only a shorter period). For the subsequent additions of Spain and The Netherlands, again a limit of 50 core documents was set. For Portuguese, Vatican and Jewish Law sources, a more flexible approach is being used. These sections are still being increased. Some editors have sourced additional contextual documents which are fully catalogued, and linked to the core materials. Document selection is scrutinised by an international advisory board.
Detailed information about our methodological approach may be found in the FAQ section.
The national editors are:
| Britain: | Professor Ronan Deazley, Queen’s University Belfast Dr Elena Cooper, CREATe, University of Glasgow |
| German speaking countries: | Dr Friedemann Kawohl, Independent researcher (University of Glasgow) | France: | Dr Frédéric Rideau, Université de Poitiers |
| Italy: | Dr Joanna Kostylo, Independent researcher (University of Cambridge) |
| Jewish Law: | Professor Neil W. Netanel, University of California at Los Angeles |
| Netherlands: | Professor Stef van Gompel, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Dr Marius Buning, University of Oslo |
| Portugal and Brazil: | Patrícia Akester, PhD, Independent researcher (University of Cambridge) Dr Victor Drummond, Asociación de gestión colectiva Inter Artis Brazil |
| United States: | Professor Oren Bracha, University of Texas | Spain: | Dr José Bellido, University of Kent |
| Vatican: | Professor Jane C. Ginsburg, Columbia University |
In 2010, Cambridge based publisher OpenBook published a companion volume to the digital
archive:
«Privilege and Property, Essays on the History of Copyright»,
containing an
introductory essay by the editors: The History of Copyright History.
Following the launch of the project at Stationers’ Hall in London on 19 March 2008, we promised that the URLs for the documents in the archive would be permanent (permalinks). Document links to the first version of this database (pre-2012) will continue to be redirected to the correct documents.
The original database design and website were coded by Karin Hoehne (Cologne, Germany).
Redesigns were implemented in 2012 and in 2015. The functionality now provides an
OAI/PMH data interface delivering record data as Dublin Core. Please refer to the
FAQ
section for information about accessing the interface.
Please cite this resource as:
Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), eds L.
Bently & M. Kretschmer,
www.copyrighthistory.org
Professor Lionel Bently, University of Cambridge
Professor Martin Kretschmer, CREATe, University of Glasgow
General Editors, Primary Sources on Copyright
The website should be compatible with any modern internet browser since we follow
standard HTML conventions without usage of HTML5. We might switch to HTML5 integration
in the future. Updating older browsers is recommended.
Please report technical issues or errors to Bartolomeo Meletti (Bartolomeo.Meletti[at]glasgow.ac.uk).
Fundort, Set-Bilder und Werte in AC Valhalla
Christopher Bahner,
mehr als 15 min LesezeitKommentare12
Das Rüstungsset des heiligen Georgius gibt euch Boni auf euer Tempo und eure Angriffskraft nach Aufspießangriffen.
Es wurde mit dem Flussraubzug-Modus integriert und ihr findet die verschiedenen Teile daher in den drei Flussgebieten Exe, Saefern und Deva.
- Typ: Bär
- Setbonus für alle 5 Teile des Georgius-Sets:
- Nach dem Aufspießen eines Gegners wird „Angriff“ erhöht.
- Zusätzliche Verbesserung für „Tempo“.
Mantel des heiligen Georgius: Fundort in Exe
Findet ihr zufällig in den großen Truhen in den großen Soldatenlagern auf dem Fluss Exe. Der Fundort kann variieren und ist nicht fest. Der Mantel kann beispielsweise in der Veste an der Exe, in der westlichen oder östlichen Befestigung gefunden werden.
Mögliche Fundorte des Mantels des heiligen Georgius auf dem Fluss Exe.
Armschienen und Hose des heiligen Georgius: Fundort in Saefern
Findet ihr zufällig in den großen Truhen in den großen Soldatenlagern auf dem Fluss Sæfern. Die Fundorte können variieren und sind nicht fest.
Armschienen und Hose können beispielsweise im Saefern-Außenposten, im Lager im Tiefwald, im Insellager oder in der östlichen Befestigung gefunden werden.
Mögliche Fundorte der Armschienen und der Hose des heiligen Georgius auf dem Fluss Saefern.
Helm und Rüstung des heiligen Georgius: Fundort in Deva
Findet ihr zufällig in den großen Truhen in den großen Soldatenlagern auf dem Fluss Deva. Die Fundorte können variieren und sind nicht fest. Helm und Rüstung können beispielsweise im Vorposten, im Hügel-Außenposten, in Devaburh oder in Deva Victrix gefunden werden.
Mögliche Fundorte des Helms und der Rüstung des heiligen Georgius auf dem Fluss Deva.
Georgius-Rüstungsset (Überlegen): Bilder und Werte
Georgius-Rüstungsset (Überlegen)
| Rüst | Ausw | L. Wid | S. Wid | Gew | |
| Mantel | 40 | 18 | 25 | 29 | 13 |
| Torso | 46 | 18 | 24 | 30 | 13 |
| Helm | 45 | 18 | 29 | 25 | 13 |
| Arme | 43 | 18 | 27 | 27 | 13 |
| Hose | 41 | 18 | 30 | 24 | 13 |
Ges. |
215 | 90 | 135 | 135 | 65 |
*Alle Werte beim voll verbesserten überlegenen Georgius-Satz (4/10)
Georgius-Rüstungsset (Makellos): Bilder und Werte
Georgius-Rüstungsset (Makellos)
| Rüst | Ausw | L. Wid | S. Wid | Gew | |
| Mantel | 47 | 21 | 30 | 34 | 13 |
| Torso | 53 | 21 | 29 | 35 | 13 |
| Helm | 52 | 21 | 34 | 30 | 13 |
| Arme | 50 | 21 | 32 | 32 | 13 |
| Hose | 48 | 21 | 35 | 29 | 13 |
| Ges. | 250 | 105 | 160 | 160 | 65 |
*Alle Werte beim voll verbesserten makellosen Georgius-Satz (7/10)
Georgius-Rüstungsset (Mythisch): Bilder und Werte
Georgius-Rüstungsset (Mythisch)
| Rüst | Ausw | L. Wid |
S. Wid | Gew | |
| Mantel | 53 | 24 | 36 | 40 | 13 |
| Torso | 60 | 24 | 35 | 41 | 13 |
| Helm | 59 | 24 | 40 | 36 | 13 |
| Arme | 57 | 24 | 38 | 38 | 13 |
| Hose | 55 | 24 | 41 | 35 | 13 |
| Ges. | 284 | 120 | 190 | 190 | 65 |
*Alle Werte beim voll verbesserten mythischen Georgius-Satz (10/10)
⇒ Zurück zur Übersicht mit allen Rüstungen in AC Valhalla.
Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), Saint Roch of Montpellier, Christ in the Sweat of Veronica, Saint Clara of Montefalco (August 15-17)
The history of Lapland — no-nb digibok 2009090810001-101 1
An Old Pilgrim Walking to the Right, from Hymmelwagen auff dem, wer wol lebt.
..
Heilige Agnes als martelares met lam tussen de vlammen
Picryl description: Public domain image of portrait, 16th-17th century print, free to use, no copyright restrictions
Lucas Cranach the Elder, Heilige Joris (Georgius) doodt de draak
Abraham en de drie Engelen (Genesis 182-10). NL-HlmNHA 1477 53008568
Israhel van Meckenem, The Organ Player and His Wife, c.
1495-1503, NGA 3373
Boerin verkoopt haar produkten op markt
Print, costume print, book illustration (BM 1927,0210.87)
Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), Saint Roch of Montpellier, Christ in the Sweat of Veronica, Saint Clara Montefalco (August 15-17)
Ste. Claire de Monte-Falco, vierge (St. Clare of Montefalco, Virgin), August 17th, from Les Images De Tous Les Saincts et Saintes de L’Année (Images of All of the Saints and Feast Days of the Year)
Heilige Theodorus (van Sykeon?), Heilige Agnes van Montepulciano, Heilige Anselmus van Canterbury, Heilige Opportuna van Montreuil (20-22 April)
Aparição de Nossa Senhora do Carmo a São Simão Stock (século XVII) — Igreja Matriz de Santa Maria do Bispo, Montemor-o-Novo
Life of St.
Clare of Montefal, Knight of the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine
Life of St. Clare of Montefal, Knight of the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine
Life of St. Clare of Montefal, Knight of the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine
Life of St. Clare of Montefal, Knight of the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine
Life of Saint Clare of Montefal, Knight of the Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine
Sheet with four oval scenes, each inscribed and dated in Latin: top left Mary ascending to heaven above the apostles standing around her empty tomb, top right Saint Roch in a pilgrim’s costume, bottom left Christ presenting Veronica’s napkin to a group of men from a turban, bottom on the right is Saint Clara of Montefalco dressed as a nun with a staff.
This print is part of a series of engravings depicting saints and the Christian holidays of the year. Four scenes from one plate are always printed on one sheet. Including title page and frontispiece, 124 plates in total (490 appearances). Three plates with the last 12 scenes (variable Christian holidays) were cut into 12 small images in the third state and published with a separate title page.
More: Jacques Callot
Jacques Callot was born in Nancy, Lorraine, now France. He came from an aristocratic family and writes about his noble status in his printed inscriptions. He learned engraving in Rome from the French émigré Philippe Thomassen, and probably from Antonio Tempest in Florence, where he began working for the Medici. In 1621 he returned to Nancy, where he lived for the rest of his life. Although he remained in Nancy, his engravings spread throughout Europe.
He developed several technical innovations that allowed the etch lines to be etched more smoothly and deeply. Etchings were now able to do very detailed work that had previously been the monopoly of engravers, and Callot made good use of the new techniques. His many innovations also achieved unprecedented subtlety in distance and light effects, even his prints were relatively small at around six inches or 15 cm in their longest dimension. His best-known prints are two series of his prints on the subject of «The Disasters and Misfortunes of War». These images show soldiers pillaging and burning cities before being arrested and executed by their superiors, lynched by peasants, or surviving to live as maimed beggars.
More: related pages
prints
paper
etching
Jacques Callot
Heilige Rochus Van Montpellier
Heilige Clara Van Montefalco
Hemelwaart van Maria
Zvitduk Van Veronica
a high resolution
Latin language
saint
the Saints
People
Christ
Jesus Christ
New Testament
series of images
illustrations
oval bezel
scenes
latin numbers
France
Duchy of Lorraine
text in latin
Maria
oval
French
pilgrims
biblical events
1632 — 1636
Jacques Callot
Jacques Callot, Baroque engraver and draftsman from the Duchy of Lorraine.
Rijksmuseum
https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/
Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication («CCO 1.0 Dedication»)
Leeuw, Jacob de Gheyn II
Oval plaque, Late Perod, Ancient Egypt, 664 BC — 332 BC
Jacques Callot — Plundering and Burning a Village
Jacques Callot — The Stake
Jacques Callot — The Firing Squad
Ever with scenes from the story of Diana and Callisto
HOWARD (1828-33) Shakspeare, The Comedy of Errors, vol4, p045
HOWARD (1828-33) Shakspeare, Much Ado About Nothing vol1, p219
HOWARD (1828-33) Shakspeare, Love’s Labor’s Labor, vol2, p287
HOWARD (1828-33) Shakspeare, The Twelfth Night, vol1, p127
Oval ant decorated with small motifs and four birds
Oval ant decorated with small motifs and topped with a balalaika
prints
paper
etching
Jacques Callot
Heilige Rochus Van Montpellier
Heilige Clara Van Montefalco
Hemelwaart van Maria
Zvitduk Van Veronica
a high resolution
Latin language
saint
the Saints
People
Christ
Jesus Christ
New Testament
series of images
illustrations
oval bezel
scenes
latin numbers
France
Duchy of Lorraine
text in latin
Maria
oval
French
pilgrims
biblical events
George Lewis — Player Profile 22/23
Player Details
Exact role
- Main role:
- Left Winger
- Additional role:
- Right Winger
Cost
Current cost:
100 thousand €
Maximum cost:
100 thousand €
June 15, 200021
Last change: June 15, 2022
to detailed information on cost
44
Facts and figures
Full name:
George Lewis Igaba-Ishimwe Maniraguha
Date of Birth:
June 16, 2000
Place of Birth:
Kigali
Age:
22
Height:
1.
70 m
Nationality:
Norway
Role:
Forward — Left Winger
Striking leg:
right
Player agent:
family member
Current club:
Arsenal U21
Teamed with:
Aug 18 2020
Contract until:
—
Contract option:
club — for 1 year
Transfer history
Season
Date
Departing
Joining
RS
Compensation
20/21
18 Aug.
