Primal hunt: Download Aliens Versus Predator 2: Primal Hunt (Windows)

as with a gathering, the leading industry of human productive activity up to the active development of agriculture is hunting. Its economic role is not limited to the fact that it gives a person food; at the same time, a person receives a whole set of other means of subsistence necessary for him, such as bone and horn, skins, lard, tendons. Birds provide feathers for ornaments and arrows. The basis in the development of hunting in the primitive era is the development of weapons from the shellic hand striker to the bow with arrows. But already from the earliest times, the most important in primitive hunting were, on the one hand, various mass methods — pens, roundups, etc., on the other hand, traps of various designs, hunting equipment, such as traps, nets for catching birds, etc. All this is widespread throughout the ethnographic world, starting with the Australians.

In the early stages, hunting is always carried out collectively and has excellent forms of organization, testifying to the good ability of primitive man to act in a very coordinated manner. Only at later stages does individual hunting develop. A fairly common technique in primitive hunting is the imitation of the cry of an animal or bird, as well as disguise with the skin of the animal that is being hunted. A tamed dog, appearing since the Azil era, from now on becomes a faithful companion and assistant to a person in hunting. Starting with the Australians with their tamed dingo, the dog takes part in the hunt among so many tribes and peoples. The dog also plays another important economic role in the life of primitive man: it guards his parking lot, warns of danger, and sometimes serves for transport and movement. The use of birds in hunting — falcon, golden eagle, etc. — dates back to a very late time.

No matter how developed hunting is, it is never just a branch of activity, and purely hunting peoples have never existed. No matter how significant the role of hunting at a given stage of development or in a given society, it is invariably connected with other industries. Where there are especially favorable conditions, in particular in wooded areas, hunting develops more intensively and lasts longer. In other areas, hunting could not develop at all due to the lack of suitable objects. This is the whole of Oceania. A special type is the hunting of marine animals, which has received the greatest development in the Arctic region, having its own special weapon — the harpoon, which takes on various forms and reaches, for example, among the Eskimos, great complexity. Often hunting is seasonal and then combined with seasonal fishing. With the development of agriculture, as well as cattle breeding, hunting fades into the background.

The history of hunting knows a special form, which is sometimes mistakenly confused with the primitive. This is the hunting of backward peoples, developing under external influence, due to the demand for tribute or with the penetration of commodity-money relations, therefore, relating to the era of colonization. But while primitive hunting is aimed at obtaining food supplies and other means of subsistence, hunting, which we are now talking about, is caused by a demand for valuable furs and has a commercial character. Let us also note the special cases that took place in North America during the era of its colonization, when the agricultural tribes of the Indians were forced, along with an involuntary change of their habitat, to move from agriculture to hunting as the main source of livelihood, the primary branch of their economy, became «hunting peoples «.

How were mammoths hunted?

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Human hunting for mammoths, fact or fiction? Did ancient people really have such an opportunity to hunt woolly giants? How were mammoths hunted? Mammoths are huge mammals whose carcasses are covered with a thick layer of fat and thick hair. Can ancient man’s weapons inflict damage on animals? Or were there special large traps? If they existed, then how, in ancient times, did people manage to build them and drive an animal into them?

For a long time, scientists have argued that the main reason for the disappearance of mammoths from the planet was the extermination of animals by humans. And there is no doubt that there was a hunt for mammoths by primitive people. Nowadays, in the media, you can increasingly find or hear the theory that mammoths became extinct due to drastic climate change, and the ancient hunt for mammoths was a rarity, and a huge success for humans. School textbooks also contain information about people hunting for an extinct genus of mammals. It was believed that in the days of hunting for these animals, the end of the hungry days of man came. Also in encyclopedias, one can find statements that during the ice age, herds of mammoths and other large animals were constantly in search of food and traveled great distances. Following them, communities roamed, in order to provide basic necessities for life, such as: the extraction of meat, skins, and tusks.

There is an opinion that people created special pit traps. With the help of careful preparation for this operation, they collectively managed to drive the animal into them. Until now, there is no clue how people prepared traps in icy soil? There are also references in the sources that people managed to drive the animal to a steep cliff on the river bank to inflict damage with the least losses. People hid in the watering places of mammoths, and suddenly attacked the animals that lost their vigilance and relaxed.

According to another theory, the killing of mammoths was considered a great success, and occurred in isolated cases, when the places of animal movement intersected with human habitats. As mentioned earlier about the gigantic size and thick skin layer, in addition to the fact that the animal had to be driven into a trap, it also had to be killed, which was almost impossible to do with the help of ancient weapons.

There is an assumption that the hunting of the ancient people for the mammoth was a long process. Several people approached the animal as close as possible, wounded it with spears and waited for the weakened bleeding animal to fight off the pack, and only then they finished it off . Most authors believe that ancient people hunted mammoths, and the process of hunting for them was a difficult and dangerous business. To date, the question of how people hunted mammoths has remained open, since there is no obvious evidence.

When analyzing data obtained during archaeological excavations and their study, scientists found that mass graves and the remains of mammoths in large quantities were often located near human settlements. In addition to hunting, this could also mean that people picked up bones for their own needs, since some animal remains are older than human settlements. When studying the found individuals, parts of ancient weapons were found in the remains, which confirms the fact that ancient people hunted mammoths. When analyzing ancient settlements, scientists came to the conclusion that people in ancient times lived life on long journeys in search of prey and food. Based on the above, we can conclude that in ancient times people hunted mammoths! But in what quantities? The exact figure has not been established to date.

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