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Erlebe das klassische gameplay des ersten 3D titel von anno®, Jahr® 1701, aktualisiert, um die aktuellen computer. Das spiel ist vollständig aktualisiert und optimiert für den betrieb ohne probleme auf dem aktuellen computer mit auflösungen bis zu 4K.
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Entdecken Tipps, Cheats, Codes und Tricks für Anno 1701: History Edition (PC): Mega-reichtum und Unbegrenzte ressourcen.
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Anno 1701: History Edition: Trainer 1.4644.942142
Mega-reichtum, Unbegrenzte ressourcen und Mega-artikel ab lager lieferbar
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Brandenburg (Margraviate) — Wikipedia
Margraviate of Brandenburg (German: Markgrafschaft Brandenburg) is one of the most significant principalities in the Holy Roman Empire, which existed from 1157 until the liquidation of the empire in 1806.
Also known as Brandenburg Mark (German: Mark Brandenburg), since this principality developed from the Northern Mark, based on the territory of the settlement of the Slavic Wends. According to the Golden Bull of 1356, the margraves ruling Brandenburg received the prestigious title of electors, which gave them the right to vote in the election of the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, after which the state was called Electorate of Brandenburg (German: Kurfürstentum Brandenburg).
Contents
- 1 History
- 1.1 Founding and rule of the Askanis (1157-1320)
- 1.2 Rule of the Wittelsbachs and Luxemburgs (1320-1415)
- 1.3 Hohenzollern reign (1415-1618)
- 2 See also
- 3 Literature
Main article: History of Brandenburg
Founding and rule of the Askanis (1157-1320)Edit
In 1134, Holy Roman Emperor Lothar II appointed Albrecht the Bear, Count of the Ascanian family, Margrave of the North Mark.
Albrecht led the second stage of the «Eastern colonization» and had the reputation of a skilled diplomat. In 1150, Albrecht occupied the Hevel fortress of Brandenburg without a fight, becoming the heir to the Slavic ruler Pribyslav-Heinrich. The Sprevian ruler Jax from Kopanitsa, who may have been a relative of Pribyslav-Heinrich, announced claims to the lands of the Hevels. Through treachery, bribery, cunning and force, with the help of the Poles, he managed to capture the fortress of Brandenburg and usurp power over the Hevel lands. Various sources attribute these events to 1153 or 1157. On June 11, 1157, after bloody battles, Albrecht the Bear managed to finally gain a foothold in the Brandenburg fortress, expelling Prince Yaksa from there. On October 3, 1157, he officially took the title of Margrave of Brandenburg ( Adelbertus Dei gratia marchio in Brandenborch ). Thus, Altmark, Prignitz and Havelland had an administrative center, and the Northern Mark became the Brandenburg Mark.
Initially, only Havelland and Zauche were part of the new brand. It is assumed that Albrecht invited settlers to the new brand, in particular from Altmark, the Harz, Flanders and the Rhine lands as early as 1157. The new population had a higher technological level of crafts and agriculture. A skillful settlement policy in the Brandenburg March, which contributed to its stabilization. The protection of fortresses and new settlements in the Brandenburg March was entrusted to the nobles, who were invited to the March along with their own armed troops. Under Ascania, the construction of villages and cities began according to plans. Angermünde, Eberswalde, Frankfurt an der Oder, Perleberg, Prenzlau, Spandau and Berlin received city rights under the Askanii. The centers of the spiritual life of the brand of this period were the bishoprics of Brandenburg, Havelberg, Lebus and the monasteries of Lenin, Korin and Zinna. At the same time, relations between the Germans and Slavs living in the territory were not equal.
The Slavs, nicknamed the Wends here, from the very beginning were not considered full-fledged inhabitants, but they were tolerated, and over time the Slavs assimilated.
After the death of Albrecht in 1170, the title of Margrave of Brandenburg was given to his eldest son Otto I, who became the founder of the Brandenburg branch of the Askanis.
Brandenburg Ascania continued their policy of expansion to the east and northeast in order to gain access to the Baltic Sea at the mouth of the Oder, one of the largest trading markets of international importance at that time. This policy led to conflict with neighbors, in particular with Denmark. After the victory at the Battle of Bornhoeved in 1227, Brandenburg asserted its claims to Pomerania. In 1231, Emperor Frederick II transferred it as a fief to the then underage Margrave of Brandenburg. In 1250, the Ucker Mark joined the Brandenburg Mark. The grandsons of Otto I, the margraves Johann and Otto III, founded several cities, paying special attention to the development of the cities of Cologne and Berlin, from which the capital of Germany was subsequently formed.
By the beginning of the 14th century, the borders of the Brandenburg Mark ran along the Neumark east of the Oder and Warta, near Stettin in the north, and penetrated deeply into Lusatia in the south. In 1320, the Askanian family in Brandenburg came to an end with the death of the young Henry II.
Rule of the Wittelsbachs and Luxemburgs (1320-1415)Edit
Margraviate in 1320 (shaded in solid purple)
The death of the last of the Ascanians of Brandenburg plunged the Brandenburg March into a serious crisis. Brandenburg became the subject of disputes between several ruling dynasties. The areas of Brandenburg conquered over the years were reclaimed by their neighbors. Mecklenburg and Pomerania took Prignitz in the North German Margravial (Sund) and Pomeranian-Brandenburg wars, and Pomerania is also part of the Uckermark. The Poles invaded Neumark.
The end of the Troubled Times in Brandenburg was laid by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis IV of the Wittelsbach family, who was the maternal uncle of the last of the ruling Ascanians of Brandenburg.
After the victory over the Habsburgs, he handed over the Brandenburg Mark as an imperial fief to his eight-year-old son, the future Duke of Bavaria Ludwig, bypassing the Saxon branch of the Askani. So power in Brandenburg passed to the Wittelsbachs.
This did not, however, benefit Brandenburg. There were no strong ties between him and Bavaria. The rulers did not seek to develop the brand, which was far from their main residence, and viewed Brandenburg as a border area and a source of income. In the absence of the ruler’s protection, the Marche plunged into chaos and anarchy. Noble landlords, abbots of monasteries and city councils acted as independent rulers. In 1325, the inhabitants of Berlin and Cologne committed the murder of their pastor Nikolaus von Bernau , for which the pope imposed an interdict on Berlin. The Brandenburg nobility refused to submit to the representative of the Wittelsbachs, Elector Ludwig I, and in September 1345 the cities and chivalry, headed by Berlin, united against the Margrave of Bavaria.
The success of the Wittelsbach resistance was facilitated by their precarious position in the empire. In 1346, the empire appointed a second emperor in opposition to the ruling Wittelsbach, Ludwig IV of Bavaria, which further aggravated the situation for the Wittelsbachs both in the empire and in the Brandenburg March. After the death of Emperor Ludwig IV of Wittelsbach and the transfer of the imperial title to the representative of Luxembourg, Charles IV, an impostor appeared in Brandenburg, posing as the penultimate Ascanian margrave Valdemar. Faldemar, who declared that his funeral was only a staging, enjoyed such broad support from the population that on October 2, 1348 he even received the Brandenburg Mark from Emperor Charles IV in fief possession. As a result, most of the cities fell out of the control of the real margrave Ludwig I. The scam of Lzhevaldemar was revealed in 1350. All these vicissitudes finally discouraged the Bavarian margrave from the desire to rule in Brandenburg, and he transferred the brand under the Luckau Treaty of 1351 to his younger half-brothers Ludwig II and Otto V, and he returned to Upper Bavaria to inherit his father.
Since the 13th century, the margraves of Brandenburg were part of the seven Electors of the Empire who elected the Holy Roman Emperor. The electoral title of the rulers of Brandenburg was legitimized in 1356 by imperial law, the famous Golden Bull. Margrave Ludwig II on this basis became the first Elector of Brandenburg. Brandenburg, now known as Kurmarka, consisted of Altmark, Mittelmark and Neumark. The position of Brandenburg in the empire was strengthened, but this did not solve the existing internal problems.
After the death of Ludwig II in 1365, power passed to Otto V, who did not take care of his possessions. In 1367, Otto V sold the Lower Puddle, already mortgaged to the Wettins, to Emperor Charles IV. A year later, he lost the city of Deutsch-Krone, which went to the Polish king Casimir the Great.
In this situation, Emperor Charles IV drew the attention of the Brandenburg mark, who repeatedly tried to acquire a mark for his family, the Luxemburgs.
For him, the vote of the Elector of Brandenburg was important, which ensured the victory of the Luxembourg in the election of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1373, the plan of Charles IV was destined to be realized, Otto V received 500,000 guilders for the stamp. The Landtag in Guben sealed the «eternal alliance» of the electorate of Brandenburg and Lower Puddle with the kingdom of Bohemia, which occupied a significant part of the possessions of Luxembourg. Power in the Brandenburg March passed from the Wittelsbachs to the Luxemburgs. The fortress in Tangermünde, by order of Emperor Charles, was converted into an elector’s residence, and Tangermünde served the emperor from time to time as a second residence.
Charles’s successor in Brandenburg, Jost of Moravia, had even less interest in managing his domain than the Wittelsbachs. The power of the Luxemburgs in fact passed to the estate of the local nobility. The population, especially the rural population, suffered from troops moving across the territory and gangs of robbers oppressing them.
This situation, close to civil war, brought Brandenburg to the brink of disaster. In 1410, representatives of the Brandenburg cities went to Budapest to ask Emperor Sigismund to take decisive action to restore peace in Brandenburg, after which the emperor sent his Burgrave Frederick VI of Nuremberg from the Hohenzollern family to Brandenburg.
Frederick VI was appointed by the Emperor as hereditary head and ruler of the Brandenburg March. With an iron hand, Friedrich dealt with the recalcitrant Brandenburg nobility (in particular, with the Kwitz and Putlitz families) and managed to restore order in his possessions. Four years later, on April 30, 1415, at the Cathedral of Constance, Emperor Sigismund awarded Frederick VI the title of hereditary margrave and elector under the name of Frederick I of Brandenburg. The Brandenburg cities took their oath of allegiance to Friedrich on October 21 of the same year in Berlin.
Hohenzollern reign (1415-1618)Edit
Section of the electorate in 1535.
90,002 Hohenzollerns ascended the throne of Brandenburg in 1415 with a heavy inheritance. Trade and transport were paralyzed, the population was in the most difficult economic conditions. Frederick appointed Berlin as his residence, but then retired to his Franconian possessions after he transferred power in Brandenburg to his son Frederick II in 1437.
With further Hohenzollerns, the stabilization of the situation in the Brandenburg March continued. The electors created a system for managing their possessions. The lost territories were almost completely returned. Thanks to the principle of primogeniture Dispositio Achillea, introduced in 1473 by Albrecht Achilles, the division of the Brandenburg Mark was prevented, ensuring the territorial integrity of the state.
In 1486, under Elector Johann Cicero, the merged cities of Berlin and Cologne became the official residence of the Margraves of Hohenzollern, which strengthened the connection of the dynasty with the Kurmarkt and further contributed to the transformation of Berlin into the capital.
In 1506 Elector Joachim I founded the University of Viadrina in Frankfurt an der Oder so that young people could be educated for church, justice and administration. This elector succeeded in strengthening the central government and abolishing special class privileges and self-government of cities. He prescribed the rights and obligations of cities and obliged city governments to keep accurate records of expenses and incomes.
Under his successor Elector Joachim II, the Mark of Brandenburg joined the Reformation movement. The ensuing transfer of ecclesiastical possessions to secular power made the Elector one of the largest landowners in the Marche and provided him with an advantage in disputes with the nobility, strengthening the independence of the Elector. However, this process proceeded slowly and dragged on until the beginning of the 17th century. Until that time, the central power of the elector was limited to the power of the cities and the strong influence of the local nobility.
Outside the elector’s court, there were no governing bodies subject to the elector. Therefore, by 1550, Brandenburg broke up into separate regions, subject to cities or landowners, and domain possessions of the elector, controlled by his governors.
In foreign policy, the Hohenzollerns were in confrontation with their northern neighbors Denmark and Sweden. Actions against Poland were limited by the status of Prussia. In the west, the interests of the Brandenburgers intersected with those of France. Despite such an environment, Elector Johann Sigismund managed in 1614 to obtain the Duchy of Cleve, Minden and the counties of Mark and Ravensberg under the Treaty of Xanten.
Brandenburg in 1618
Since 1605, the Electors of Brandenburg ruled as regents in the Duchy of Prussia. After the death of the last of the Prussian dukes, Albrecht Friedrich, in 1618, the Duchy of Prussia was formally inherited by the Elector of Brandenburg, Johann Sigismund, and from that time on, the Brandenburg Mark and the Duchy of Prussia were ruled in personal union by the Electors of Brandenburg.
As a result, the margraviate became an integral part of the united state of Brandenburg-Prussia, which was finally united only in the second half of the 17th century.
Brandenburg-Prussia in 1688. Green color shows territorial acquisitions by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 was very favorable for Brandenburg, which received all of Western Pomerania en de (Hinterpommern), as well as the former bishoprics of Cammin, Halberstadt, Minden and the former Archbishopric of Magdeburg in the form of compensation for Western Pomerania (Vorpommern), inherited the Swedes.
In the 18th century it was transformed into the Kingdom of Prussia, which, along with Austria, became the leading state in Germany during the 18th century. Despite the fact that the title of the rulers of this state was «King of Prussia», the center of the united state continued to be the capital of Brandenburg — Berlin.
The Margraviate of Brandenburg was abolished together with the archaic Holy Roman Empire in 1806, but was replaced by the Prussian Province of Brandenburg in 1815. Prussia, ruled by the Hohenzollern dynasty, achieved the unification of Germany in 1871. The name «Mark Brandenburg» is today used to informally refer to the federal state of Brandenburg in Germany.
- List of rulers of Brandenburg
- Ioannites (balage Brandenburg)
- Brandenburg, province // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). — St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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Article lacks references to sources (see search guidelines). The information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be deleted. You can edit the article by adding references to authoritative sources in the form of footnotes. (June 24, 2013) |
How to recognize the real Dame Jeanne? Councils and recommendations.
Since Dame Jeanne is back in deco fashion, they can be found everywhere! But the most valuable and sought after are the original vases of Dame-Jeanne. You can find them at flea markets, but how do you recognize them? 7
The story of Lady Jeanne
© Irene Berni
It is noted that several stories revolve around this large convex vase, around the lady, of course: Queen Jeanne, expelled from Naples, took refuge in the glassmaker’s castle. The glass blower blew the bottle in front of her, but because of the lady, he ended up making a big bottle that everyone admired. He then decided to start producing these bottles, which he wanted to call Reine-Jeanne. The modest queen suggested that he call them Dame Jeanne.
There is another story: it is said that Dam-Janna comes from the city of Damgan in Persia, which specializes in the production of glass objects. Then this word could get to Europe through trade with the Turks and Arabs.
Then, thanks to Corneille, in 1694 it appeared in the French version — Dame Jean, and in 1701 a more daring version appeared — Dame Jeanne, in reference to the rebounded part of the bottle.
Even if these stories do not give a strict version of her origin, on the other hand, we know that Dame Jeanne was used to carry brandy and wine. Its large capacity makes it particularly suitable for this purpose.
See also: How to clean Lady Jeanne?
Signs to recognize a genuine Dame-Jeanne
© La Redoute
There is one detail that will give you a valuable indication of the authenticity of this vase. If the vase was made recently, there will be a trace of the mold on it — a line running from the base. Antique vases do not have this feature as they have been blown and therefore do not show seam marks.
Glass quality is also an interesting feature to recognize an antique glass, here are three tips:
Check the color of the glass: if it is antique glass, it will be more gray or bluish, because the process of obtaining transparent glass is relatively recent.
