Let’s Rank The Hitman Trilogy Levels, From Worst To Best
Zack Zwiezen
Published 8 months ago:
July 2, 2022 at 2:00 pm
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Image: IO Interactive / Kotaku
With the release of Hitman 3, the latest Hitman trilogy has concluded. After three games and two DLC levels, the new entry has over 20 levels set around the globe and countless ways to kill people. Let’s rank them!
This story first ran on Kotaku Australia on March 1, 2021. It has been retimed as a weekend read (and because I really like Hitman).
Just a bit out of housekeeping before we go on our merry murder global tour. We are only ranking the main levels featured in Hitman, Hitman 2, and Hitman 3. We also are including the two DLC levels from Hitman 2. None of the special missions or variations of levels are on this list. We also aren’t ranking the sniper assassin missions, which are fun but very different things.
With that out of the way, put on a nice suit, grab your favourite small object to throw, and find out what Hitman level is the best.
21 – Untouchable, On A Train –
Hitman 3
Screenshot: IO Interactive / Kotaku
Most of the levels in the modern Hitman trilogy are great, which made it hard to put this list together. Luckily, this train-set level is here to give me an easy last place. Thanks, terrible level. At least you are good for something. (Some folks around here liked this level.)
20 – Freedom Fighters, Colorado –
Hitman
Screenshot: IO Interactive
This area has an interesting setting: A militia camp in the middle of nowhere. But it has too many targets and no safe areas to relax as Agent 47, letting you ponder and plan. And if a level doesn’t let you ponder or plan, that’s no good. It’s what the series is all about…
19 – A Gilded Cage, Morocco –
Hitman
Screenshot: IO Interactive
The biggest sin a level in Hitman can commit, besides being annoying like the last two, is to be boring.
And a Gilded Cage is boring. Sure, there are some excellent kills, like one involving a massage gone wrong. But every mission location has neat kills. That’s not enough. Nothing about this mission sticks out, and when the Kotaku staff put this list together, nobody had any strong opinions about Morocco beyond the fact that it was better than the train level and Colorado. Probably.
18 – ICA Training Facility, Greenland –
Hitman
Screenshot: IO Interactive
We are combining two missions into one for this entry. The ICA Training Facility is a big tutorial spread across two different locations. But while both missions are simple, they are perfect introductions to the world of Hitman. They also utilise fake sets and actors, creating an odd vibe, unlike any other level.
17 – Nightcall, New Zealand –
Hitman 2
Screenshot: IO Interactive
Hitman 2’s tutorial mission is a bit better than Hitman 2016’s ICA facility.
It’s a more traditional Hitman level, ditching the actors and sets and replacing them with some seriously cool vibes. Set in a modern beach-side mansion at night, this is another simple but perfectly executed intro to Hitman. If you only played it once, go back and play it again. There’s more to find in that small home.
16 – On Top Of The World, Dubai –
Hitman 3
Screenshot: IO Interactive
Rounding out the intro levels from the modern trilogy is On Top Of The World, set inside the tallest building in the world located in Dubai. Unlike the last two tutorial levels, this is a full-on world complete with all the details and options you would expect from any other Hitman mission. It could be argued that On Top Of The World is too big and intimidating for new players, but once you master this spot, it’s a nice treat of vertical possibilities and wild kills.
15 – Situs Inversus, Japan –
Hitman
Screenshot: IO Interactive
The final level of Hitman 2016 is also one of the best looking.
Set in a high-end, luxury medical facility in Hokkaido, Japan, this mission has one of my favourite kills. As 47, you can sneak your way into the control room for a large surgical robot and use it to kill your target. It’s a perfect example of combining the lore of a level, the wackiness of Hitman, and a dark bit of humour. The rest of the assignment isn’t as strong as others on this list, but it’s not a bad way to end the first entry of the trilogy.
14 – Club 27, Bangkok –
Hitman
Screenshot: IO Interactive
Look, there are a lot of things to like about this level, which is set in a fancy resort in Thailand. It looks great, contains a really strange Easter egg, offers some great level design, and has targets that are perfect arseholes. But what elevates Club 27 for me is the fact that Agent 47 can dress up as a replacement drummer for the target’s band, sneak his way in and pass the audition with flying colours.
If it wasn’t clear yet, Hitman is a good series.
13 – End of An Era, China –
Hitman 3
Screenshot: IO Interactive
This level is connected to a big narrative moment in Hitman 3, one which I assume any possible future Hitman games (should IO Interactive venture back to the series) will have to contend with. I won’t spoil it. But the level the locale, set in China, is interesting. It feels like two levels glued together. Normally, this would be a bad thing, but both sections of the large map are fantastic. One moment you’re executing a kill in the gritty streets and dingy buildings on the surface of the map. Later, you’re underground in a futuristic facility. A lack of cohesion keeps this level down the list a bit, but the contrast is entertaining.
12 – The Ark Society, Isle of Sgàil –
Hitman 2
Screenshot: IO Interactive
In this level, set on a private island in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, Agent 47 sneaks into one of the most secretive gatherings of rich people in the world.
There, he becomes Jeff Bezos and Mark Zuckerberg’s nightmare as he kills the rich in some inventive and odd ways. It’s a fresh spin on Hitman’s love of exotic locations, and it serves as a satisfying conclusion to Hitman 2.
11 – Death In The Family, England –
Hitman 3
Screenshot: IO Interactive
Setting a Hitman level on a Knives Out-inspired estate was a great decision. Letting players play detective to solve a murder, like Daniel Craig in the film, was genius. The Dartmoor mansion is the kind of level where you dig around each room, devouring all details rife with little secrets. It’s a shame that the ending is so heavily tied-into the meta-narrative, as it kills the atmosphere of the mission. But before that, it’s brilliant.
10 – Three-Headed Serpent, Colombia –
Hitman 2
Screenshot: IO Interactive
Hitman levels that feature three or more targets can be a mess.
Three-Headed Serpent is a good blueprint for how to pull this off correctly. Each target feels separated enough that if you make a mistake killing one, you can still pull off eliminating the others without running around and shooting everything that moves. It accomplishes this by having a level that feels spaced out and diverse enough to make each area distinct. Oh, and Agent 47 can once again play the drums, this time for an audience. He’s the best. Truly.
9 – Golden Handshake, NYC –
Hitman 2 (DLC)
Screenshot: IO Interactive
Many of the best Hitman levels consist of large, sprawling maps. That’s not the case with Golden Handshake, which takes place entirely inside a bank. It’s a large bank, sure, but it’s still a more locked down and focused location compared to others in the Hitman trilogy. This level has some inventive kills, but what I absolutely love is figuring out how to sneak out of the bank with a valuable data drive.
The first time I pulled that off, I felt like a master assassin and bank robber rolled into one. That’s a great feeling and something only a Hitman game could pull off so perfectly.
8 – Chasing A Ghost, Mumbai –
Hitman 2
Screenshot: IO Interactive
On the opposite end of the spectrum is Chasing The Ghost, set in Mumbai. This is a huge area that, with a few extra streets and buildings, could easily work as a map in a last-gen open-world game. But it’s not just the size that has this level ranked so highly. The diversity in kills and the number of spots to explore really elevate this mission on our list. Adding a mysterious third target that has to be hunted down before you can kill them is the cherry on top of this murder sundae.
7 – Apex Predator, Berlin –
Hitman 3
Screenshot: IO Interactive
What if Agent 47 had his back against the wall and had to fight his way out of a situation that he didn’t plan for properly? What would that be like? It would be the Apex Predator mission, set in a sprawling dance club in Germany.
Again, no spoilers, but in this level,47 is hunted by numerous assassins with no real support or intel. It reminded me of a scene out of a yet-to-be-made John Wick film. Pulling this level off flawlessly is tricky but extremely rewarding. And it’s a great reminder of how good Agent 47 is at this whole assassination thing.
6 – The Farewell, Argentina –
Hitman 3
I could write about how wonderful this level looks. I could talk about how it has many different, varied areas to explore and the way it blends the meta-narrative of the trilogy with a fun murder-filled winery and party. But instead, all I need to say is this: Grape press. Big, giant grape press. It can kill everyone in the level (yes, everyone) in one button push. Have I mentioned how great this series is? Because it’s amazing.
5 – The Showstopper, Paris –
Hitman
Screenshot: IO Interactive
The trilogy’s first real mission, Showstopper, set the tone and blueprint for future Hitman trilogy levels.
Set in a large-scale fashion show and party in Paris, Showstopper has some of my favourite moments in the series. Walking flawlessly down the runway dressed as Helmut Kruger then leaving the runway and killing my target, still dressed as a world-famous supermodel, is an experience that I’ll never forget.
4 – The Last Resort, Haven Island –
Hitman 2 (DLC)
Screenshot: IO Interactive
Everyone deserves a vacation. Even an expert, cold-blooded assassin like Agent 47. But like most folks I know (including myself) 47 can’t stop working, even while he’s supposed to be relaxing. Lucky for us, his dedication brings us Last Resort, a level so good that I can’t imagine spoiling it. I will say it includes some great kills and an interesting twist involving one of your targets. While you saunter around the island, killing and relaxing, a growing storm gets worse and worse, adding a bit of tension to an otherwise relaxing level.
3 – The Finish Line, Miami –
Hitman 2
Screenshot: IO Interactive
I can’t prove this, but Finish Line, a level set across a race track and tech conference, feels like the designers of Hitman 2 got together and said, “Let’s put as many wild and cool deaths in one level.” The result is a mission that lets you: kill people dressed as a mascot, eliminate your target by kicking him in front of his daughter’s racecar, or even poison one of your targets dressed as a literal Flordia Man. Finish Line in Miami is a level I spent hours and hours in, and I’ll probably come back to it the next time I get the urge to kill.
2 – Another Life, Whittlehorn Creek –
Hitman 2
Screenshot: IO Interactive
One of the best levels in Hitman: Blood Money is A New Life, a mission set in the suburbs where you have to take out a mobster hiding in witness protection.
It was a classic level that I played a lot back in the day. In Hitman 2, IOI finally gets around to doing a proper spiritual successor to that mission, and it’s wonderful. Take that Blood Money mission and crank it up to 11. There are more areas to explore. More fun ways to screw around with a quiet suburb. And best of all, even more, dark secrets lurking below the surface. There’s only one Hitman trilogy level I’ve spent more time in and it just so happens to be our top pick…
1 – World of Tomorrow, Sapienza –
Hitman
Photo: IO Interactive
The first time I played World of Tomorrow, I was sold on this new take on Hitman. Remember, 2016’s Hitman was released in episodes. So after the first episode, Showstopper, we had to wait for this follow-up. I was concerned. Would IOI be able to pull off a level as good as Paris? Turns out, it could.
Sapienza is a gorgeous map, filled to the brim with secrets and hidden details.
Setting a map in a quiet coastal Italian village is a marvellous choice. It makes it so easy to spend hours and hours walking around the world, taking in the sights. Sapienza features some great kills, including an option that lets 47 seduce one of his targets as a golf instructor. This level is soooo good-looking, so cool to explore, and filled with so many great moments that I can overlook the fact that its two main targets are kinda boring. Doesn’t matter. You can kill someone with an exploding golf ball dressed as a priest. Hitman is a fantastic franchise, and Sapienza is all the proof you need.
More From Kotaku Australia
The 18 Best Levels In Hitman Ever Made, Ranked
There are myriad schools of thought in stealth games, but two of the most common are social stealth v sneaking stealth. The latter category is filled with games inspired by Splinter Cell and Metal Gear Solid, while the former is the domain of Hitman and Assassin’s Creed. It is, however, the Hitman franchise that pioneered this disguise-based form of stealth, and made it great.
RELATED: Hitman: Best Quotes From The Series
There have been several games in the main franchise, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Here is a collection of the greatest levels in the franchise, from the original all the way up to Hitman 2. Enjoy!
Updated May 14, 2022 By Ben Jessey: An area where the Hitman series continually excels is in its levels. A combination of great sandbox maps with captivating missions to complete is a staple of the stealth series. And while the World Of Assassination trilogy has been given plenty of praise for its level design, you shouldn’t overlook the levels in the early games. After all, Hitman didn’t just become a good series when it was rebooted in 2016 — it’s been one for a long time.
The original version of this list shone a light on the best missions from all eras of Hitman. But naturally, with so many great ones to choose from, several missed the cut. So, we’ve updated the piece to make sure a few more classics were included.
18 Apex Predator (Hitman 3)
Hitman 3’s third mission puts you in a very unfamiliar position as you’re the one who’s being hunted. The ICA has sent several agents to a club in Berlin to take down 47. As the assassin, you have to figure out which are the hitmen and eliminate them before they do the same to you.
It makes for an unusual yet intriguing level. And the lack of a handler alters things even more as you have to do things on your own, without anyone in your ear giving you intel. So, it’s a true test of your assassin capabilities.
17 Basement Killing (Hitman 2: Silent Assassin)
Basement Killing serves as the first of a trilogy of missions in Hitman Silent Assassin that are all connected. In this one, you find yourself in the lobby of a large corporate building. But your target is a hacker in the depths of said building.
You need to get down there to take him out and disable a surveillance system in the process. The mission doesn’t include anything incredibly original, but it’s very well-designed. Plus, the litany of security makes it slightly tricky — unless you know the bomb down the laundry chute trick.
16 Death In The Family (Hitman 3)
Depending on how you play it, Death In The Family can seem like an entirely different game. If you follow the Means, Motive, And Opportunity mission story, you have to conduct a murder investigation. Therefore, instead of sneaking around and setting up kills, you question suspects and look for clues.
The point of it is to get close to your target Alexa Carlisle as solving the mystery gives you a private audience with her. Plus, if you play your cards right, you can also locate the Case File this way, which you need to acquire to beat the level. This mission story alone makes Death In The Family a level that stands out.
15 The Meat King’s Party — Hitman: Contracts
This was a blend with the horror genre, as 47 had to infiltrate a party taking place in a slaughterhouse. It’s easily the goriest and most unsettling mission in the series due to the themes involved and the very gruesome outcome for several characters.
It also makes the mission all the more engaging since it seems to raise the stakes considerably compared to other levels. There’s also the satisfaction to be derived from making the targets pay for their crimes.
14 Curtains Down — Hitman: Blood Money
In this mission, 47 had to kill a performer while he was on stage and another target who was watching this performance. That sounds hard, and it is to an extent if you don’t know where to go. “Curtains Down” offers many areas that can be found to get a vantage point over the targets.
Apart from that, there are numerous methods to get the targets in places where they can be ambushed. Overall, the mission features a sprawling environment that can be both claustrophobic or extremely explorable if played right.
13 The Ark Society — Hitman 2
It seems to be tailor-made for 47 if a situation calls for him to be in disguise as a way of blending. “The Ark Society” is a place where the elite arrives to bid and partake in clandestine activities, where 47 had to capture the Constant and take down the party’s organizers.
The mission takes on a gothic feel, with the environment coming across as a medieval area of sorts that also brought innovative ways to kill the targets by utilizing the castle’s architecture.
12 Chasing A Ghost — Hitman 2
47 went to Mumbai to assassinate three targets who were all in separate places. The mission is one of the most ambitious ones in the series for laying out a huge part of the city with only a few instructions given to infiltrate the locations.
It also has big contrasts in the environments, as 47 has to travel between the Mumbai slums to a film set where things are on a higher scale. Getting dropped right into the heart of a place with so many things happening at once is a mission that tests the player’s capacity to be challenged.
11 Club 27 — Hitman (2016)
Set at a hotel, this mission is memorable for expanding on the material shown in earlier Hitman games. This one might not be the most creative, but it has a subtle environment that allows players to complete the mission at their own leisure.
It even has a way for players to make the targets kill themselves, although this is one of the many hidden techniques that are found from continuous playthroughs. This essentially makes “Club 27” one of the levels with the most replay quality.
10 The Showstopper — Hitman (2016)
The level that kicked off the reboot was special. After the disappointing Absolution, it showed that this franchise was not lost forever. In Paris, Agent 47 could disguise himself as a Sheikh, a model with whom he shares an uncanny resemblance, or a vampire magician.
RELATED: Hitman 3: Tips & Secrets For The Farewell
The mission stories system, introduced for the first time, allowed you to stroll on the catwalk, pose as a cameraman, and take part in an auction, all while keeping your murderous intent on the down low. The map is incredibly well-designed, featuring excellent verticality and a huge number of paths to success. A fantastic intro that showed us what Hitman could be.
9 The Murder Of Crows — Hitman: Blood Money
Until the reboot came along, Hitman: Blood Money was without question the greatest game in the franchise, and this mission is one reason why. Set in New Orleans during Mardi Gras, the level featured massive crowds and an interesting storyline. You were tasked with assassinating the would-be assassins of the Secretary of State.
All of whom were dressed as birds. If you want to take on the role of a deadly Big Bird, then get the yellow bird costume and go down! It’s a textbook Hitman slapstick.
8 Traditions of the Trade — Hitman: Codename 47 And Hitman: Contracts
Remastered in Hitman: Contracts, this mission from the original game is tense, well-designed fun. Agent 47 is sent to a hotel in Budapest and tasked with taking out Austrian terrorist Franz Fuchs.
The level features winding corridors, tons upon tons of disguises available, and a fair few ways to see to Fuchs. There are also one or two hidden surprises.
Be sure to go into the bathroom in the abandoned room for a spooky surprise.
7 Three-Headed Serpent — Hitman 2
Easily one of the very best missions in the franchise, this one takes you to Santa Fortuna, a gorgeous, lovingly realized tropical paradise. It’s not going to stay pristine for long, as you can imagine. There is wet work afoot. It’s a level that manages to be completely and utterly barking mad while still having a serious face.
You can shoot down a rickety statue onto a target in an echo of Marrakech, sure, but you can also do a shamanistic dance to make striking workers resume their work. It’s a slice of silliness that only this franchise can get away with.
6 You Better Watch Out — Hitman: Blood Money
The target you’ve got to take out here is a seedy dude and is hosting an equally seedy Christmas party. Seems only right to dress up as Santa Claus for this one, doesn’t that logic work right?
RELATED: Games To Play If You Love Hitman
The level is well designed, but the home of this millionaire heir most certainly isn’t.
There’s a glass-bottomed jacuzzi that overlooks a pier, about 100 feet below.
5 The Finish Line — Hitman 2
Set in Miami, you’ll find no 2 Live Crew shows on here, but what you will find is a daddy/daughter duo who needs to die. Taking place during a Grand Prix, opportunities for sabotage abound, but that’s not all.
There’s a chap walking around in a Flamingo costume, and, if you want to make the ultimate exit, you can fly away while wearing it. No, really: Agent 47 can fly if he’s wearing this costume as long as he leaves from the right spot.
4 A House Of Cards — Hitman: Blood Money
Vegas, baby. You’re here to take out a motley group of targets, including a white supremacist and a Saudi CEO. The mission puts a twist on the traditional formula by having you arrive before your targets, giving you a bit of time to explore.
Want to lure the target out in front of their own limo with your trusty coins? Then you can! Set off the fire alarm upstairs with a remote explosive? You can.
Want to get friendly with the gamblers, and be invited back to their room? You may just find an ideal vantage point.
3 Situs Inversus — Hitman (2016)
You’re sent into this mission, set in an AI-controlled private hospital in Hokkaido, Japan, completely empty-handed. You can’t take anything in, nor can you smuggle items until you’ve got a decent mastery rating.
RELATED: Which Hitman Character Are You, Based On Your Zodiac Sign?
This suddenly makes the mission far tenser. You must wander around this wildly secure building, hoping to find bits and pieces to help you on your way. Luckily, all this difficulty does lead to some fascinating opportunities.
2 World Of Tomorrow — Hitman (2016)
What The Showstopper started, the World Of Tomorrow continued. Sapienza is one of the most iconic Hitman missions, and it deserves that title. The vast level includes underground labs, a large mansion, a functioning town, a beach, and more.
You can climb up historic walls, venture down through pristine little side streets, climb towers to find sniping positions, and that’s not even the start of it.
You can make your target believe he’s being haunted by his mother’s ghost, or blow him up with an explosive golf ball, and it’s pure Hitman, and probably the greatest level design in the series.
1 A New Life — Hitman: Blood Money
Extremely iconic. You’re tasked with taking out a Mafioso currently living under witness protection after he became an informer. The location is an unassuming suburb of San Diego, but it’s about to get crazy.
Highlights include causing a barbecuing accident, taking on the role of the toyboy pool cleaner, showing a gross FBI agent the error of his ways, and using a treehouse for a completely unintended purpose. Worth the price of Blood Money alone, this mission is still yet to be beaten.
NEXT: Hitman: Questions About Agent 47, Answered
Evaluation of indicators of cellular immunity. Hematological examination, prices in CMD
The first study is always a leukocyte count (see the chapter «Hematological studies»).
Both relative and absolute values of the number of peripheral blood cells are evaluated.
Determination of the main populations (T-cells, B-cells, natural killers) and subpopulations of T-lymphocytes (T-helpers, T-CTLs). For primary examination of the immune status and detection of severe disorders of the immune system WHO recommended determination of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD16+56, CD4/CD8 ratio. The study allows to determine the relative and absolute number of the main populations of lymphocytes: T-cells — CD3, B-cells — CD19, natural killers (NK) — CD3-CD16++56+, subpopulations of T lymphocytes (T-helpers CD3+ CD4+, T-cytotoxic CD3+ CD8+ and their ratio).
Test method
Immunophenotyping of lymphocytes is carried out using monoclonal antibodies to superficial differential angina on the cells of the immune system, using laser flow cytofluorometry on flow cytometers.
The choice of the zone for analysis of lymphocytes is made according to the additional marker CD45, which is present on the surface of all leukocytes.
Sampling and storage conditions
Venous blood taken from the cubital vein in the morning, strictly on an empty stomach, into the vacuum system to the mark indicated on the test tube. K2EDTA is used as an anticoagulant. After sampling, the sample tube is slowly inverted 8-10 times to mix the blood with the anticoagulant. Storage and transportation strictly at 18–23°C in an upright position for no more than 24 hours.
Failure to comply with these conditions leads to incorrect results.
Interpretation of results
T-lymphocytes (CD3+ cells). An increased amount indicates hyperactivity of the immune system, observed in acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. An increase in the relative index occurs in some viral and bacterial infections at the onset of the disease, exacerbations of chronic diseases.
A decrease in the absolute number of T-lymphocytes indicates a deficiency of cellular immunity, namely, a deficiency of the cellular effector link of immunity.
It is detected in inflammations of various etiologies, malignant neoplasms, after trauma, operations, heart attack, smoking, taking cytostatics. An increase in their number in the dynamics of the disease is a clinically favorable sign.
B-lymphocytes (CD19+ cells) The decrease is observed in physiological and congenital hypogammaglobulinemia and agammaglobulinemia, with neoplasms of the immune system, treatment with immunosuppressants, acute viral and chronic bacterial infections, the condition after removal of the spleen.
An increase is noted in autoimmune diseases, chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis, cystic fibrosis, bronchial asthma, parasitic and fungal infections. It is characteristic during the period of convalescence after acute and chronic viral and bacterial infections. A pronounced increase is observed in chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia.
NK-lymphocytes with CD3-CD16++56+ phenotype Natural killer cells (NK-cells) – a population of large granular lymphocytes.
They are able to lyse target cells infected with viruses and other intracellular antigens, tumor cells, and other cells of allogeneic and xenogeneic origin.
An increase in the number of NK cells is associated with the activation of anti-transplantation immunity, in some cases it is observed in bronchial asthma, occurs in viral diseases, increases in malignant neoplasms and leukemia, in the period of convalescence.
The decrease is observed in congenital immunodeficiencies, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, radiation, treatment with cytostatics and corticosteroids, stress, zinc deficiency.
Helper T-lymphocytes with CD3+CD4+ phenotype An increase in absolute and relative numbers is observed in autoimmune diseases, it can be in allergic reactions, some infectious diseases. This increase indicates the stimulation of the immune system to the antigen and serves as confirmation of hyperreactive syndromes.
A decrease in the absolute and relative number of T cells indicates a hyporeactive syndrome with a violation of the regulatory link of immunity, is a pathognomic sign for HIV infection; occurs in chronic diseases (bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.
), solid tumors.
T-cytotoxic lymphocytes with the phenotype CD3+ CD8+ An increase is detected in almost all chronic infections, viral, bacterial, protozoal infections. It is characteristic of HIV infection. The decrease is observed in viral hepatitis, herpes, autoimmune diseases.
CD4+/CD8+ ratio CD4+/CD8+ (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8) ratio testing is only recommended for monitoring HIV infection and monitoring the effectiveness of ARV therapy. Allows you to determine the absolute and relative number of T-lymphocytes, T-helper subpopulations, CTL and their ratio.
The range of values is 1.2–2.6. The decrease is observed in congenital immunodeficiencies (Di-George, Nezelof, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), viral and bacterial infections, chronic processes, exposure to radiation and toxic chemicals, multiple myeloma, stress, decreases with age, endocrine diseases, solid tumors. It is a pathognomic sign for HIV infection (less than 0.7).
An increase in the value of more than 3 — in autoimmune diseases, acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia, thymoma, chronic T-leukemia.
The change in the ratio may be related to the number of helpers and CTLs in a given patient. For example, a decrease in the number of CD4+ T cells in acute pneumonia at the onset of the disease leads to a decrease in the index, while CTLs may not change.
For additional research and identification of changes in the immune system in pathologies requiring an assessment of the presence of an acute or chronic inflammatory process and the degree of its activity, it is recommended to include counting the number of activated T-lymphocytes with the CD3+HLA-DR+ phenotype and TNK cells with the CD3+CD16+ phenotype +56+.
T-activated lymphocytes with CD3+HLA-DR+ phenotype Marker of late activation, an indicator of immune hyperreactivity. By the expression of this marker, one can judge the severity and strength of the immune response. Appears on T-lymphocytes after the 3rd day of acute illness. With a favorable course of the disease, it decreases to normal.
An increase in expression on T-lymphocytes can be associated with many diseases associated with chronic inflammation. Its increase was noted in patients with hepatitis C, pneumonia, HIV infection, solid tumors, autoimmune diseases.
TNK-lymphocytes with CD3+CD16++CD56+ phenotype T-lymphocytes bearing CD16++ CD56+ markers on their surface. These cells have properties of both T and NK cells. The study is recommended as an additional marker for acute and chronic diseases.
Their decrease in peripheral blood can be observed in various organ-specific diseases and systemic autoimmune processes. An increase was noted in inflammatory diseases of various etiologies, tumor processes.
The study of early and late markers of T-lymphocyte activation (CD3 + CD25 +, CD3-CD56 +, CD95, CD8 + CD38 +) is additionally prescribed to assess changes in IS in acute and chronic diseases, for diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring of the course of the disease and ongoing therapy.
T-activated lymphocytes with CD3+CD25+ phenotype, receptor for IL2 CD25+ – a marker of early activation. The functional state of T-lymphocytes (CD3+) is evidenced by the number of expressing receptors for IL2 (CD25+). In hyperactive syndromes, the number of these cells increases (acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, thymoma, transplant rejection), in addition, their increase may indicate an early stage of the inflammatory process. In peripheral blood, they can be detected in the first three days of illness. A decrease in the number of these cells can be observed in congenital immunodeficiencies, autoimmune processes, HIV infection, fungal and bacterial infections, ionizing radiation, aging, heavy metal poisoning.
T-cytotoxic lymphocytes with CD8+CD38+ phenotype The presence of CD38+ on CTL lymphocytes has been noted in patients with various diseases. Informative indicator for HIV infection, burn disease. An increase in the number of CTLs with the CD8+CD38+ phenotype is observed in chronic inflammatory processes, oncological and some endocrine diseases.
During therapy, the rate decreases.
Natural killer subpopulation with CD3-CD56+ phenotype The CD56 molecule is an adhesive molecule widely distributed in nervous tissue. In addition to natural killers, it is expressed on many types of cells, including T-lymphocytes.
An increase in this indicator indicates the expansion of the activity of a specific clone of killer cells, which have a lower cytolytic activity than NK cells with the CD3-CD16+ phenotype. The number of this population increases with hematological tumors (NK-cell or T-cell lymphoma, plasma cell myeloma, aplastic large cell lymphoma), chronic diseases, and some viral infections.
A decrease is noted in primary immunodeficiencies, viral infections, systemic chronic diseases, stress, treatment with cytostatics and corticosteroids.
The CD95+ receptor is one of the apoptosis receptors. Apoptosis is a complex biological process necessary for the removal of damaged, old and infected cells from the body.
The CD95 receptor is expressed on all cells of the immune system. It plays an important role in the control of the functioning of the immune system, as it is one of the receptors for apoptosis. Its expression on cells determines the readiness of cells for apoptosis.
A decrease in the proportion of CD95+ lymphocytes in the blood of patients indicates a violation of the effectiveness of the last stage of culling defective and infected own cells, which can lead to a relapse of the disease, chronicization of the pathological process, the development of autoimmune diseases and an increase in the likelihood of tumor transformation (for example, cervical cancer with papillomatous infection ). Determination of CD95 expression has prognostic value in myelo- and lymphoproliferative diseases.
An increase in the intensity of apoptosis is observed in viral diseases, septic conditions, and the use of narcotic drugs.
Activated lymphocytes CD3+CDHLA-DR+, CD8+CD38+, CD3+CD25+, CD95.
The test reflects the functional state of T-lymphocytes and is recommended for monitoring the course of the disease and monitoring immunotherapy in inflammatory diseases of various etiologies.
Expert Sudoku Killer: Free Sudoku
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Select a cell, then tap a number to add it to the selected cell
Killer Sudoku is a fun number puzzle that combines the best features of Sudoku and Kakuro. Most likely, this article will be of interest mainly to Killer Sudoku experts, so there is no need to consider the rules in detail.
Playing at the expert difficulty level is definitely beyond the power of those who are new to puzzles.
And all because at the beginning of each level all cells of the table are empty. Because of this, players who do not know the basic strategies and tactics of Killer Sudoku will find it incredibly difficult to solve such a puzzle. But for experienced players, this is a great opportunity to hone your skills!
Where do you start when there are no numbers in the table? The most important thing is not to forget about the “rule of 45”.
Thanks to this rule, it will be possible to fill in at least part of the cells, which will greatly help with solving the puzzle in the future. Consider this rule in brief: the sum of the numbers in each row, column or 3×3 square is always 45. Look in the table for rows, columns or squares that include full cells, as well as one cell belonging to another cell. If you subtract the amounts indicated in the cells from 45, the resulting number should be in an empty cell!
With this useful method, you can quickly fill several cells of the table at the very beginning of the game.
